In order to enhance the academic performance of students, Masterpen has compiled this guide to citing bibliographic references in the context of writing undergraduates and postgraduate theses . This guide will provide you with the required knowledge to have a scientific result in order to complete your studies successfully.
The use of references is mandatory, to ensure the copyright of the author, from whom we derive the information we quote in our work.
References, or citations for short, are listed within the paper. Essentially, the citation directs the reader to refer to the corresponding bibliography, located at the end of the paper, to locate the source of the text.
Citations are listed either in parentheses (parenthetical citation) or in the footer in the form of footnotes (numbering the reference in the form of an exponent within the text and listing the author's information in the footer). Bibliographic references are listed in the form of footnotes mainly in research studies.
Parenthetical citation is called the Harvard system. Using the Harvard system we enter in parentheses only the last name of the author and the year of publication of the source referred to.
Marking: we quote only the last name of the author without the initial letter of his name, as it occurs in bibliographic references.
Citation can be done in two ways:
| 1o way: Petrou (2007) states that the choice of methodology will be the most effective way to derive the results based on the subject of the research.
2o way: Therefore, choosing the appropriate methodology is not at all an easy task, because it must be designed based on the research questions and the information considered necessary to conduct the research (Georgopoulos, 2009). |
Note that the citation can be included in the normal structure of the sentence or listed at the end of the sentence within parentheses.
ATTENTION TO THE PERIOD: The period is placed after the parenthesis in the event that you make a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence (see 2o way).
Optionally, when we paraphrase a passage we also cite the exact page number from the source from which the passage was taken. The page number can be quoted either with a colon (:25), or by writing the letter p. (p.25) and No p. (p. 25).
Example:
| 1o way: Therefore, choosing the appropriate methodology is not at all an easy task, because it must be designed based on the research questions and the information that is considered necessary to conduct the research (Georgopoulos, 2009:25).
2o way: Therefore, choosing the appropriate methodology is not at all an easy task, because it must be designed based on the research questions and the information that is considered necessary to conduct the research (Georgopoulos, 2009, p.25). |
When we want to reference more pages
However, when we want to refer to more pages then the listing of the pages is done as follows:
| 1o way: Therefore, choosing the appropriate methodology is not at all an easy task, because it must be designed based on the research questions and the information that is considered necessary to conduct the research (Georgopoulos, 2009:25-28).
2o way: Therefore, choosing the appropriate methodology is not at all an easy task, because it must be designed based on the research questions and the information that is considered necessary to conduct the research (Georgopoulos, 2009, p.25-28). |
When we want to use a source whose text has been written by 2 authors, then we cite both authors as follows:
| 1o method: Papakosta and Iliopoulos (2008) point out that qualitative research thoroughly investigates the phenomena (in terms of type and character) that are the object of study of the research.
2o method: Qualitative research thoroughly investigates the phenomena (in terms of type and character) that are the object of study of the research (Papakosta & Iliopoulos, 2008). |
Marking: When we want to use a source whose text has been written by 2 authors, then we cite everything and to the 2 authors, when we want to refer to the specific source.
ATTENTION: We use the conjunction ''and'' in full only when we cite the source within the text such as: "Papakosta and Iliopoulos (2008)" while the unitary symbol ''&'' we only use it in parenthetical reference as for example: (Papakosta & Iliopoulos, 2008)
When we want to cite a source in which more than 2 authors are cited, then the first time we want to cite them, we cite them all in our bibliography and always in alphabetical order as follows:
| 1o method: Derri, Efthymiou, Kalafatis, Mylonas and Tomopoulos (2011) believe that this method succeeds in eliciting significant information on the subject under consideration.
2o method: This method succeeds in eliciting significant information on the subject under consideration (Derry, Efthymiou, Kalafatis, Mylonas & Tomopoulos, 2011). |
In subsequent references to these authors it is not necessary to mention them all again but the reference will be as follows:
| 1o way: Derri etc. (2007) point out that the researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched.
2o way: The researcher who applies qualitative research seeks to reach a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (Derry etc., 2007). |
ATTENTION in the abbreviation ''etc.'' to put emphasis on a because we mean "and the others". Also, this abbreviation is quoted in italics.
However, instead of ''etc.'' we can write the abbreviation ''and co.'' in italics meaning 'and partners'.
In English the abbreviation ''etc.»'' is written as ''et al.'' in italics which means "and the others".
When we want to cite a source that is cited by more than 6 authors, then we cite only in the first one author, even the first time we mention them, as follows:
| 1o method: Mazzouka et al. (2012) claim that the researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon under study, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched.
2o way: The researcher applying qualitative research seeks to reach a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon under consideration, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (Majuka et al., 2012). |
When we want to state two main ideas/information in our text which were drawn from two different sources, then reference must be made to both authors of the sources in the following ways:
| 1o method: The research hypotheses, as mentioned by Matzoukas (2008), emerge after studying the research questions in which their validity, according to Papaioannou (2009), is intertwined with the experience of the researcher and the degree of critical thinking he possesses.
2o method: The research hypotheses emerge after studying the research questions in which their validity is intertwined with the experience of the researcher and the degree of critical thinking he possesses (Matzoukas, 2008; Papaioannou, 2009). |
Marking: When we refer to 2 authors out of 2 different sources then we cite them both in ascending chronological order, separating them with a Greek semicolon or a colon.
When we want to refer to various authors from various sources then we must list them all in ascending chronological order, separating them with the Greek semicolon or colon as follows:
| After a literature review, it was found that the most widespread technique of data collection in qualitative research is the interview, because it provides a more complete picture of the phenomena under consideration (Alexopoulos & Dimiou, 2004; Dimitropoulos 2006; Matzoukas, 2010; Papaioannou, 2012; Paraskevopoulou, 2014). |
When we want to cite a source whose passage we want to use was drawn from another source then both sources must be cited. If, for example, we have found as a source the text of Dimopoulos (2007) (primary source) and we want to quote a passage that was drawn from the text of Ziogas (2004) (secondary source) then the citations are given as follows:
| 1o way: Dimopoulos (2007) [as cited/referenced in Ziogas (2004)] emphasizes that qualitative research can provide a holistic conclusion for a complete understanding of the respondent's behavior.
2o method: Dimopoulos (2007, as cited/cited in Ziogas, 2004) emphasizes that qualitative research can provide a holistic conclusion for a complete understanding of the respondent's behavior. |
ATTENTION: In the list of bibliographic references we list only the primary source.
Note that the citation can be included in the normal structure of the sentence or listed at the end of the sentence within parentheses.
When we want to make a reference to information sources that we draw from the Internet, we list the name of the author and the year of publication, but not the link.
Example:
| The researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined by reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (Dalacoura, 2012). |
1o method: We write the name of the organization
When the name of the author is not mentioned in the source then we list the name of the organization and the year of publication but not the link as follows:
| The researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (University of Nicosia, 2012). |
2o way: We write the title of the source text
When a source does not mention the name of the author then we list only the title of the text of the source, in italics and capitalize the initial letter of each word, and the year of publication but not the link as follows:
| The researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (Research Methodology, 2012). |
3o method: In place of the author's name we write the word ''Anonymous''
When we want to refer to a source in which the author's name is not mentioned, then in place of the author's name we write the word ''Anonymous'' but not the link and the reference is as follows: (Anonymous, year. Title of source text in italics and capitalize the first letter of each word). Example:
| The researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (Anonymous, 1997. Research Methodology). |
Marking: Avoid anonymous sources as they are of questionable validity. However, if you cannot find information from another source, make an effort to find the primary source that has the author's name listed.
In this case we cite the author and replace the year of publication with the abbreviation (x.x.) meaning ''no date''. In English the abbreviation (eg) is written as (nd) which means ''no date''.
| The researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (Paraskevopoulou-Kollia, etc.). |
In this case, in place of the author's name, we list the title of the source text, with italics and capitalize the initial letter of each word, and replace the year of publication with the abbreviation (eg) which means "no date" ''. In English the abbreviation (eg) is written as (nd) which means ''no date''.
Example:
| The researcher applying qualitative research seeks to arrive at a more even and thorough conclusion about the phenomenon being examined, reflecting a deeper interpretation of the nature of the researched (Research Methodology, etc.). |
When we want to make a reference to a dictionary in which the name of the author is not mentioned, then we list the name of the publishing house and the year of publication of the dictionary as follows:
| GDP is an aggregate measure of total economic production, representing the market value of all goods and services produced by an economy, during a specific period of time (Tegopoulou - Fitraki, 2012). |
When we want to make a reference to a dictionary in which the name of the author is mentioned, then we list the name of the author and the year of publication of the dictionary as follows:
| GDP is an aggregate measure of total economic output, representing the market value of all goods and services produced by an economy during a specific period of time (Babiniotis, 2012). |
When we want to use an entry from an encyclopedia, then we list the name of the organization and the year of publication of the encyclopedia as follows:
| GDP is an aggregate measure of total economic output, representing the market value of all goods and services produced by an economy during a specific period of time (Papyrus Larous Britannica, 2001) |
When an author's speech is quoted verbatim in our text, then we must quote it within quotation marks (after previously mentioning the author's name) and after the quotation marks, quote in parentheses the number of the exact page from which the quotation was taken. This applies when the entire passage is up to 4 lines long.
Example:
| 1o method: Tasopoulos (2006) states that "the next stage of the research process is the selection and design of the appropriate methodology which depends on the content of the research questions and the fields under consideration" (p. 47).
2o method: Tasopoulos states that "the next stage of the research process is the selection and design of the appropriate methodology which depends on the content of the research questions and the fields under consideration" (2006:47). or (2006, p.47). |
However, when the passage we want to quote in our text is longer than four lines, then it is quoted without quotation marks on the next line, increasing the indent from the left by pressing the space key 8 times. This can also be done from the "page layout" in the Word menu, choosing Indent left 0.8 cm.
Example:
| 1o manner: (the date is listed after the adjective while the page number is listed in parentheses at the end of the quotation)
As Dimitropoulos (2004) points out research methodology is the understanding of the scientific research process: j) How to design a research ii) How to carry out a research”. Therefore, choosing the appropriate methodology is not at all an easy task, because it must be designed based on the research questions and the information considered necessary to conduct the research (p. 184). 2o manner: (the date is listed at the end of the quotation in parentheses before the page number) As Dimitropoulos emphasizes research methodology is the understanding of the scientific research process: j) How to design a research ii) How to carry out a research”. Therefore, choosing the appropriate methodology is not at all an easy task because it must be designed based on the research questions and the information considered necessary to conduct the research (2004:184). |
ATTENTION: The electronic sources which are not in pdf or word format then the numbering of the paragraphs is used as the page number.
ATTENTION TO THE PERFECT: Immediately after the quotation marks, cite the source parenthetically (at the end of the sentence) and then place the dot.
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